Elements of Tourism

Elements of tourism: There are certain elements or ingredients which are

fundamental attraction of tourism. They are

1. Pleasing weather

2. Scenic attractions

3. Historical and cultural factors

4. Accessibility

5. Amenities

6. Accommodation

7. Safety and security

8. Other factors

a. Guide/escort facilities

b. Basic medical facilities

c. Electricity

d. water

e. Communication system

Force due to Gravity on a body

The force due to gravity on a body of mass m kept on the surface of earth of mass M and radius R, is equal to the force of attraction between the earth and that body. It is given as F = (GMm)/(R ^ 2) Taking the mass of earth M = 5.96 * 10 ^ 24 * kg Radius of earth R = 6.37 * 10 ^ 6 m m = 1kg and G = 6.67 * 10 ^ - 11 * N * m ^ 2 / k * g ^ 2 F = 9.8N Then

Thus earth attracts a body of mass 1kg by a force of 9.8 N towards its centre.

Note: As earth attracts an object towards it, the object also attracts the earth towards it by an equal force. Since the object is free to move, it starts moving towards the earth, but the earth because of its large inertia, doesnot move towards the object.

Difference between Gravitation and Gravity :

1. Gravitation is the force of attraction acting between any two bodies of universe Gravity in the earth's gravitational pull on a body, lying on or near the surface of earth.

2. The direction of gravitational force on body A due to body B is along AB. The direction of force of gravity on a body is along the line joining the body and the centre of the earth and is directed towards the centre of the earth.

3. The force of gravitation between two bodies can be zero if the separation between bodies becomes infinity.

The force of gravity on a body is zero at the centre of the earth.

Thermal expansion of solid

Thermal expansion of solid

1. Linear expansion : It is the increase in leng of a solid on heating. Suppose L is original length of alid rod. Let Delta*L be a small increase in length of rod when its temperature is raised by a small amou Delta*T It is found that Delta*L & L and Delta*L & Delta*T Delta*L & Delta*T ..

or, Delta*L = alpha*L*Delta*T

Change in length

AL LAT α = = Original length x change in temperatun

Where, a is a constant of proportionality and called coefficient of linear expansion. The value of depends on nature of material of solid. It is measure in ^ C ^ - 1 or K ^ - 1

6 Corridors in Hyderabad Metro Phase-II

6 Corridors in Hyderabad Metro Phase-II

Total 116.2 kms. Estimated cost is Rs.32,237 crores


Hyderabad Metro Rail Limited (HMRL) has conceptualized the metro phase 2 project with six corridors. It is estimated that Rs.32,237 crores will be spent to complete the entire 116.2 km metro in this phase. It has already almost completed the Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for five corridors. The DPR for the Fourth City Metro proposed by the government will be prepared in the next three months. HMDA has to give a Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) in terms of traffic estimates for the five corridors for which DCRs have already been completed. HMRL will send the DPRs to the central and state governments as soon as the report is received. It is proposed to undertake this project as a joint venture of the central and state governments. Hyderabad Metro Rail Limited (HMRL) and Hyderabad Airport Metro Limited (HML) MD NVS Reddy gave a power point presentation on the Metro Phase-2 project on Sunday. Corridors, alignments and other details in this phase have been revealed. Among the completed DPR are Nagole Airport, Rayadu Rgankokapeta Neopolis, MGBS Chandraya Igutta (Old City Metro), Miyapur Patan Cheru LB Nagar Hayat Nagar corridors. In this regard, HE MRL has estimated that the entire 76.2 km route will cost Rs.24,237 crore. It is estimated that the cost of 40 km on the Auro Corridor, Airport-Forth City route will be Rs.8,000 crores. Meanwhile, in the first phase of the Metro, 69 kilometers of corridors have been made available. When the second phase is completed, 185 km of 9 corridors will be available.

Changes in the airport metro line The government has changed the airport metro line. Metro line has been finalized to Airport via Nagole, LBnagar, Chandrayana Gutta, Mailardev Palli, Arangar, Bangalore Highway and New High Court. As part of Corridor 4, a 36.6 km route from Nagole to Shamshabad Airport has been approved. A 1.6 km line will go underground in this corridor. The route has a total of 24 metro stations including the Airport station. Previously there was an airport metro alignment from P7 road, but now it has been changed through the new high court. The government has taken this decision after a study by the metro authorities showed that there will be more traffic through the new high court. Meanwhile, the airport alignment goes by connecting the first three corridors.

The proposed 40 km long metro corridor from the airport to Skill University in Forth City will be constructed in three ways. Of this, 1.6 km underground, 20Kilometers of elevated corridor and 18 kilometers of road level corridor. The metro line will come from the airport to the service road of the highway via Pedda Golbenda exit, Thukkuguda exit, Raviryala exit, outer ring road.

Impact on 1,100 properties in Old City.. MGBS Manshi will build Old City Metro up to Chandrayanagutta. Stations will be established at Salarjung Museum and Charminar in this corridor. NVS Reddy said that the stations will be given their names 6. At present, there is a 60 feet road between Darulnipa Junction and Salibanda Junction, and an 80 feet road from Salibanda Junction to Chandrayanagutta... They will be expanded to 100 feet, NVS Reddy said. In the areas where the station is located, the road will be widened to 120 feet. It has been revealed that around 1,100 properties will be affected in the metro alignment and road expansion in this corridor. It is stated that notifications have already been issued regarding 400 properties. Meanwhile, there are around 103 religious, heritage and other sensitive structures on this route.

Nagole Airport, 36.6 Kms

Rayadurgam- Kokapeta Neopolis, 11.6 kms,

MGBS-Chandrayana Gutta (Old City Metro), 7.5 Kms

Miyapur - Patancheru. 13.4 kilometers

LB Nagar

Hayat Nagar, 7.1 Kms

Airport Forth City (Skill University), 40 Kms

Increasing Burden on Every Telangana Family due to debts

Increasing Burden on Every Telangana Family due to debts



The family grew up in Telangana state. The NABARD All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey 2021-22 found that the average number of members per household has increased from 3.8 to 4.1.

In a survey released by this organization in 2016-17, this number was 3.8 and now it has reached 4.18. In Andhra Pradesh it has increased from 3.5 to 3.7. The national average is 4.3. The newly released report reveals that Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of 5 per family and Bihar has 4.8 per family. The lowest is 3.5 in Maharashtra. Each family in the state has a debt of Rs.1 half tun. The national average is Rs.90,372. The number of indebted households in the state has increased from 79% to 92%. Telangana (92%) and Andhra Pradesh (86%) are the top two states in terms of indebted households in the country, with the national average at 52%. The average monthly income per family in Telangana is 5.7,811 to 5.12,0658 (54.46%) 6. 5 5.8,059 Rs. 12,698 (57.56%) 3 6. The average monthly income of an agricultural family has increased from Rs.8,951 to Rs.1,874 (5.99). The national average has increased from Rs.13,66152 in 1931 to 96%. While Rs. 398 per month is left in Punjab, the surplus is 73% in the agricultural year 2021-22 in AP , the average monthly consumption of 5.6,813 65.62% of agricultural 5.11,45% 8. Rented 5.6% in the state The average amount of savings per family is Rs.20,139.54% of the families in the state are saving a high amount of Rs.20,139.

More statistics in Telangana like...

The report revealed that 92% of the families in the state are in villages and 8% in semi-urban areas.

Number of agricultural households 55% non-agricultural households -The average land area in the hands of 45% agricultural households including intizaga has decreased from 101 hectares to 0.80 hectares, and the average area in the hands of non-agricultural kutum bal has decreased from 0.20 hectares to 0.08 hectares.

Tit Bits Genetic Conservation

Recalcitrant seeds are killed by drying and freezing temperatures.

Triticale is an intergeneric hybrid

Heterosis is Hybrid vigour

Inbreeding is possible between two members of species

GENE Bank is an institution where seeds or vegetative parts of endangered species are preserved in viable condition for future use.

 Genomes of Neanderthal hominin species got noble prize in 2022 in physiology 

Cryopreservation is storing germplasm at -196 deg C

Tissue culture is a process that produce new plants by cell instead of seed.

Triticale is a cereal developed through hybridisation between wheat and rye

IBPGR - international board for plant genetic resources.

Nikolai Ivanovich vavilov proposed the theories of plabt genetic diversity.

Genetic erosion - Loss of Genes from gene pool due to extinction of an organism.

Synthetic seeds are Genetically modified seeds and Encapsulated somatic embroyos in a suitable matrix

Flu

Flu can be found in lurking in the fumes that come from thermal degradation byproducts of fluorocarbons or by the release of toxic fumes when overheated, especially Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

 Flu can also be caused when non-stick cookware hits temperatures of 300°C or more.