6 Corridors in Hyderabad Metro Phase-II

6 Corridors in Hyderabad Metro Phase-II

Total 116.2 kms. Estimated cost is Rs.32,237 crores


Hyderabad Metro Rail Limited (HMRL) has conceptualized the metro phase 2 project with six corridors. It is estimated that Rs.32,237 crores will be spent to complete the entire 116.2 km metro in this phase. It has already almost completed the Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for five corridors. The DPR for the Fourth City Metro proposed by the government will be prepared in the next three months. HMDA has to give a Comprehensive Mobility Plan (CMP) in terms of traffic estimates for the five corridors for which DCRs have already been completed. HMRL will send the DPRs to the central and state governments as soon as the report is received. It is proposed to undertake this project as a joint venture of the central and state governments. Hyderabad Metro Rail Limited (HMRL) and Hyderabad Airport Metro Limited (HML) MD NVS Reddy gave a power point presentation on the Metro Phase-2 project on Sunday. Corridors, alignments and other details in this phase have been revealed. Among the completed DPR are Nagole Airport, Rayadu Rgankokapeta Neopolis, MGBS Chandraya Igutta (Old City Metro), Miyapur Patan Cheru LB Nagar Hayat Nagar corridors. In this regard, HE MRL has estimated that the entire 76.2 km route will cost Rs.24,237 crore. It is estimated that the cost of 40 km on the Auro Corridor, Airport-Forth City route will be Rs.8,000 crores. Meanwhile, in the first phase of the Metro, 69 kilometers of corridors have been made available. When the second phase is completed, 185 km of 9 corridors will be available.

Changes in the airport metro line The government has changed the airport metro line. Metro line has been finalized to Airport via Nagole, LBnagar, Chandrayana Gutta, Mailardev Palli, Arangar, Bangalore Highway and New High Court. As part of Corridor 4, a 36.6 km route from Nagole to Shamshabad Airport has been approved. A 1.6 km line will go underground in this corridor. The route has a total of 24 metro stations including the Airport station. Previously there was an airport metro alignment from P7 road, but now it has been changed through the new high court. The government has taken this decision after a study by the metro authorities showed that there will be more traffic through the new high court. Meanwhile, the airport alignment goes by connecting the first three corridors.

The proposed 40 km long metro corridor from the airport to Skill University in Forth City will be constructed in three ways. Of this, 1.6 km underground, 20Kilometers of elevated corridor and 18 kilometers of road level corridor. The metro line will come from the airport to the service road of the highway via Pedda Golbenda exit, Thukkuguda exit, Raviryala exit, outer ring road.

Impact on 1,100 properties in Old City.. MGBS Manshi will build Old City Metro up to Chandrayanagutta. Stations will be established at Salarjung Museum and Charminar in this corridor. NVS Reddy said that the stations will be given their names 6. At present, there is a 60 feet road between Darulnipa Junction and Salibanda Junction, and an 80 feet road from Salibanda Junction to Chandrayanagutta... They will be expanded to 100 feet, NVS Reddy said. In the areas where the station is located, the road will be widened to 120 feet. It has been revealed that around 1,100 properties will be affected in the metro alignment and road expansion in this corridor. It is stated that notifications have already been issued regarding 400 properties. Meanwhile, there are around 103 religious, heritage and other sensitive structures on this route.

Nagole Airport, 36.6 Kms

Rayadurgam- Kokapeta Neopolis, 11.6 kms,

MGBS-Chandrayana Gutta (Old City Metro), 7.5 Kms

Miyapur - Patancheru. 13.4 kilometers

LB Nagar

Hayat Nagar, 7.1 Kms

Airport Forth City (Skill University), 40 Kms

Increasing Burden on Every Telangana Family due to debts

Increasing Burden on Every Telangana Family due to debts



The family grew up in Telangana state. The NABARD All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey 2021-22 found that the average number of members per household has increased from 3.8 to 4.1.

In a survey released by this organization in 2016-17, this number was 3.8 and now it has reached 4.18. In Andhra Pradesh it has increased from 3.5 to 3.7. The national average is 4.3. The newly released report reveals that Uttar Pradesh has the highest number of 5 per family and Bihar has 4.8 per family. The lowest is 3.5 in Maharashtra. Each family in the state has a debt of Rs.1 half tun. The national average is Rs.90,372. The number of indebted households in the state has increased from 79% to 92%. Telangana (92%) and Andhra Pradesh (86%) are the top two states in terms of indebted households in the country, with the national average at 52%. The average monthly income per family in Telangana is 5.7,811 to 5.12,0658 (54.46%) 6. 5 5.8,059 Rs. 12,698 (57.56%) 3 6. The average monthly income of an agricultural family has increased from Rs.8,951 to Rs.1,874 (5.99). The national average has increased from Rs.13,66152 in 1931 to 96%. While Rs. 398 per month is left in Punjab, the surplus is 73% in the agricultural year 2021-22 in AP , the average monthly consumption of 5.6,813 65.62% of agricultural 5.11,45% 8. Rented 5.6% in the state The average amount of savings per family is Rs.20,139.54% of the families in the state are saving a high amount of Rs.20,139.

More statistics in Telangana like...

The report revealed that 92% of the families in the state are in villages and 8% in semi-urban areas.

Number of agricultural households 55% non-agricultural households -The average land area in the hands of 45% agricultural households including intizaga has decreased from 101 hectares to 0.80 hectares, and the average area in the hands of non-agricultural kutum bal has decreased from 0.20 hectares to 0.08 hectares.

Tit Bits Genetic Conservation

Recalcitrant seeds are killed by drying and freezing temperatures.

Triticale is an intergeneric hybrid

Heterosis is Hybrid vigour

Inbreeding is possible between two members of species

GENE Bank is an institution where seeds or vegetative parts of endangered species are preserved in viable condition for future use.

 Genomes of Neanderthal hominin species got noble prize in 2022 in physiology 

Cryopreservation is storing germplasm at -196 deg C

Tissue culture is a process that produce new plants by cell instead of seed.

Triticale is a cereal developed through hybridisation between wheat and rye

IBPGR - international board for plant genetic resources.

Nikolai Ivanovich vavilov proposed the theories of plabt genetic diversity.

Genetic erosion - Loss of Genes from gene pool due to extinction of an organism.

Synthetic seeds are Genetically modified seeds and Encapsulated somatic embroyos in a suitable matrix

Flu

Flu can be found in lurking in the fumes that come from thermal degradation byproducts of fluorocarbons or by the release of toxic fumes when overheated, especially Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

 Flu can also be caused when non-stick cookware hits temperatures of 300°C or more. 

Tuberculosis (TB)

 

WHAT IS TUBERCULOSIS?

 

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body.

Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.

Around 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left untreated, kill about half of those affected.

Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.

Tuberculosis also remains a major killer because of the increase in drug-resistant strains. Over time, some TB germs have developed the ability to survive despite medications.

Drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis emerge when an antibiotic fails to kill all of the bacteria it targets. The surviving bacteria become resistant to that drug and often other antibiotics as well.

Some TB bacteria have developed resistance to the most commonly used treatments, such as isoniazid and rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane).

Some TB strains have also developed resistance to drugs such as the antibiotics.

The risks factors are that anyone can get tuberculosis, but certain factors can increase your risk, including weakened immune system.

A healthy immune system often successfully fights TB bacteria.

However, several conditions and medications can weaken your immune system, including:

 

-HIV/AIDS

-Diabetes

-Severe kidney disease

-Certain cancers

-Cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy

-Drugs to prevent rejection of transplanted organs

-Some drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and psoriasis

-Malnutrition or low body weight

-Very young or advanced age

-Traveling or living in certain areas

           

 

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF TUBERCULOSIS?

 

Some people who acquire Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB, do not

experience symptoms.

This condition is known as latent TB.

TB can stay dormant for years before developing into active TB disease.

It's called active TB if you have symptoms.

However, in some cases, symptoms might not develop until months or even years after the initial infection.

Sometimes the infection does not cause any symptoms. This is known as latent TB.

General symptoms of TB.

Because active TB typically causes many symptoms.

Your symptoms might not begin until months or even years after you were initially infected.

While symptoms usually relate to the respiratory system, they could affect other parts of the body, depending on where the TB bacteria grow.

Symptoms caused by TB in the lungs include:

 

-Extreme tiredness or fatigue

-Cough lasting more than 3 weeks

-Coughing up blood or sputum (phlegm)

-Chest pain

-General TB symptoms

-Unexplainable fatigue

-Weakness

-Fever

-Chill’s

-knight sweats

-Appetite loss

-Weight loss

-Along with general symptoms

 

TB that spreads to other organs can also cause blood in urine and loss of kidney function, if TB affects the kidneys back pain and stiffness, muscle spasms, and spinal irregularity if TB affects the spine, nausea and vomiting, confusion, and loss of consciousness, if TB spreads to the brain. These symptoms can have many different causes, however, and are not always a sign of TB. Most TB infections affect the lungs, which can cause a persistent cough that lasts more than 3 weeks and usually brings up phlegm, which may be bloody, breathlessness that gradually gets worse.

TB outside the lungs less commonly, TB infections develop in areas outside the lungs, such as the small glands that form part of the immune system (the lymph nodes), the bones and joints, the digestive system, the bladder and reproductive system, and the brain and nerves (the nervous system).

Symptoms can include:

 

-Persistent swollen glands

-Abdominal pain

-Pain and loss of movement in an affected bone or joint

confusion

-Persistent headache

-Fist (seizures)

 

HOW DOES THE TUBERCULOSIS SPREAD?

 

Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB

in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze.

People with Latent TB do not spread the disease.

Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke.

Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body

fluids.

 

 

 

WHAT’S THE CAUSE OF TUBERCULOSIS?

 

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

It's spread when a person with active TB disease in their lung’s coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets, which contain TB bacteria.

Although TB is spread in a similar way to a cold or flu, it is not as contagious.

You would have to spend prolonged periods (several hours) in close contact with an infected person to catch the infection yourself. For example, TB infections usually spread between family members who live in the same house. It would be highly unlikely for you to become infected by sitting next to an infected person on, for instance, a bus or train. Not everyone with TB is infectious. Children with TB or people with a TB infection that occurs outside the lungs (extrapulmonary TB) do not spread the infection.

 

LATENT OR ACTIVE TB

 

In most healthy people, the immune system is able to destroy the bacteria that cause TB.

But in some cases, the bacteria infect the body but do not cause any symptoms (latent TB), or the infection begins to cause symptoms within weeks, months or even years (active TB).

Up to 10% of people with latent TB eventually develop active TB years after the initial infection.

This usually happens either within the first year or two of infection, or when the immune system is weakened for example, if someone is having chemotherapy treatment for cancer.

 

THE OTHER FACTORS THAT CAN CAUSE TUBERCULOSIS ARE

-Using substances.

Like IV drugs or excessive alcohol use weakens your immune system and makes you more vulnerable to tuberculosis.

 

-Using tobacco.

Greatly increases the risk of getting TB and dying of it.

 

-Working in health care.

Or regular contact with people who are ill increases your chances of exposure to TB bacteria.

-Living or working.

In a residential care facility. People who live or work in prisons, homeless shelters, psychiatric hospitals

or nursing homes are all at a higher risk of tuberculosis due to overcrowding and poor ventilation.

-Living with someone infected with TB.

And close contact with someone who has TB increases your risk.

 

 

 

HOW CAN YOU PREVENT TUBERCULOSIS?

Keeping your immune system healthy and avoiding exposure to someone with active TB is the best way to prevent a TB infection.

To prevent the transmission of tuberculosis are improving ventilation in door spaces so there are fewer bacteria in the air.

Using germicidal UV lamps to kill airborne bacteria in buildings where there are people at high risk of TB.

To protect your family and friends if you have active TB

Follow these tips to help keep your friends and family from getting sick:

 

-Stay home. Don't go to work or school or sleep in a room with other people

 

-Ventilate the room. Tuberculosis germs spread more easily in small closed spaces where air doesn't move. If it's not too cold outdoors, open the windows and use a fan to blow indoor air outside.

 

-Cover your mouth. Use a tissue to cover your mouth anytime you laugh, sneeze or cough. Put the dirty tissue in a bag, seal it and throw it away.

 

 

 

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF TUBERCULOSIS?

 

-The active TB Disease.

The active TB is an illness in which the TB bacteria are rapidly multiplying and invading different

organs of the body.

The typical symptoms of active TB variably include cough, phlegm, chest pain, weakness, weight loss, fever, chills and sweating at night.

A person with active pulmonary TB disease may spread TB to others by airborne transmission of infectious particles coughed into the air.

If you are diagnosed with an active TB disease, be prepared to give a careful, detailed history of

every person with whom you have had contact. Since the active form may be contagious, these

people will need to be tested, as well.

Multi-drug treatment is employed to treat active TB disease.

Depending on state or local public health regulations, you may be asked to take your antibiotics

under the supervision of your physician or other healthcare professional.

This program is called "Directly Observed Therapy" and is designed to prevent abandonment or

erratic treatment, which may result in "failure" with continued risk of transmission or acquired

resistance of the bacteria to the medications, including the infamous multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB).

 

- Miliary TB.

Miliary TB is a rare form of active disease that occurs when TB bacteria find their way into the

bloodstream. In this form, the bacteria quickly spread all over the body in tiny nodules and affect

multiple organs at once. This form of TB can be rapidly fatal.

 

- Latent TB Infection.

Many of those who are infected with TB do not develop overt disease. They have no symptoms and their chest x-ray may be normal. The only manifestation of this encounter may be reaction to the tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). However, there is an ongoing risk that the latent infection may escalate to active disease. The risk is increased by other illnesses such as HIV or medications which compromise the immune system. To protect against this, the United States employs a strategy of preventive therapy or treatment of latent TB infection.

 

 

 

 

EBOLA

 

WHAT IS EBOLA

 

Ebola, first appeared in 1976 also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after becoming infected with the virus.

The disease kills between 25% and 90% of those infected about 50% on average.

Death is often due to shock from fluid loss, and typically occurs between six and 16 days after the first symptoms appear.

Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature; they are able to spread the virus without being affected by it.

Control of outbreaks requires community engagement, including rapid detection, contact tracing of those exposed, care for those infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial.

After a person recovers from Ebola, their semen or breast milk may continue to carry the virus for anywhere between several weeks to several months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature; they are able to spread the virus without being affected by it.

As the virus spreads through the body, it damages the immune system and organs.  Ultimately, it causes levels of blood-clotting cells to drop.  This leads to severe, uncontrollable bleeding.

The disease was known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever but is now referred to as Ebola virus.

 

HOW DO YOU GET EBOLA

 

Ebola isn’t as contagious as more common viruses like colds, influenza, or measles.

It spreads to people by contact with the skin, or body fluids of an infected animal, like a monkey, 

chimp, or fruit bat. 

Then it moves from person to person the same way. 

Those who care for a sick person or bury someone who has died from the disease often get it.

Other ways to get Ebola include touching contaminated or surfaces.

For example, it can be spread by:

 

-Directly touching the body of someone who has symptoms

-Or recently died from the disease

-Cleaning up body fluids (blood, poo, urine or vomit) 

-Or touching the soiled clothing of an infected person

 

The virus can survive for several days outside the body.

Studies show traces of Ebola may remain in semen many months after recovery.

You can’t get Ebola from air, water, or food.  A person who has Ebola but has no symptoms can’t spread the disease, either.

Ebola cannot be caught through routine social contact, such as shaking hands, with people who do not have symptoms.

 

WHAT ARE TTHE SYMPTOMSOF EBOLA

 

The symptoms of Ebola may resemble those of several other diseases, including malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers.

Early on, Ebola can feel like the flu or other illnesses. 

Symptoms show up 2 to 21 days after infection and usually include:

 

-High fever

-Headache

-Joint and muscle aches

-Sore throat

-Severe muscle weakness

-Lack of appetite

 

As the disease gets worse, it causes bleeding inside the body, as well as from the eyes, ears, and nose or mouth.

Some people will vomit or cough up blood, have bloody diarrhea, and get a rash, stomach pain and reduced kidney and liver function can follow.

Sometimes it’s hard to tell if a person has Ebola from the symptoms alone.

 

TREATMENT FOR EBOLA

 

There’s currently no treatment for Ebola virus disease, despite drug therapies

Dehydration is common, so fluids may be given directly into a vein.  Blood oxygen levels and blood pressure also needs to be maintained at the right level, 

Ebola virus disease is often fatal, with 1 in 2 people dying from the disease.  The sooner a person is given care, the better the chance they’ll survive.

After a person recovers from Ebola, their semen or breast milk may continue to carry the virus for anywhere between several weeks to several months.

 

WHERE IS THE EBOLA

 

It started in Guinea and spread to Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria.

In two simultaneous outbreaks:  one in Nzara (a town in South Sudan) and the other in Yambuku (Democratic Republic of the Congo), a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name. Ebola outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2012, there were 24 outbreaks of Ebola resulting in a total of 2,387 cases, and 1,590 deaths. The largest Ebola outbreak to date was an epidemic in West Africa from December 2013 to January 2016, with 28,646 cases and 11,323 deaths.

On 29 March 2016, it was declared to no longer be an emergency. Other outbreaks in Africa began in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in May 2017 and 2018.

 

 

 

HIV

 

WHAT IS HIV

 

The HIV human immunodeficiency virus is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more vulnerable to other infections and diseases.

It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids of a person with HIV, most commonly during sex with a condom or sex without a condom HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).

The human body can’t get rid of HIV and no effective HIV cure exists. So, once you have HIV, you have it for life.

In addition, there are effective methods to prevent getting HIV through sex or drug use, including pre-exposure prophylaxis (Prep) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP).

The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans.

Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.

The average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years.

In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids.

Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid, and through breast milk.

Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected the vital immune cells in the human immune system, such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.

HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including proptosis of abortively infected T cells, apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells, direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.

When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections, leading to the development of AIDS.

 

WHAT DAMAGE THE INFECTION CAN CAUSE

 

The different damage the HIV infection can cause are called:

 

-Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP).

This fungal infection can cause severe illness.

PCP is still the most common cause of pneumonia in people infected with HIV.

 

-Candidiasis (thrush).

Candidiasis is a common HIV-related infection. It causes inflammation and a thick, white coating on your mouth, tongue, esophagus or vagina.

 

-Tuberculosis (TB).

TB is a common opportunistic infection associated with HIV. Worldwide, TB is a leading cause of death among people with AIDS.

 

-Cytomegalovirus.

This common herpes virus is transmitted in body fluids such as saliva, blood, urine, semen and breast milk. A healthy immune system inactivates the virus, and it remains dormant in your body. If your immune system weakens, the virus resurfaces, can cause damage to your eyes, digestive tract, lungs or other organs.

 

-Cryptococcal meningitis.

Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes and fluid surrounding your brain and spinal cord (meninges).

Cryptococcal meningitis is a common central nervous system infection associated with HIV, caused by a fungus found in soil.

 

-Toxoplasmosis. This potentially deadly infection is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a parasite spread primarily by cats.

Infected cats pass the parasites in their stools, which may then spread to other animals and humans. Toxoplasmosis can cause heart disease, and seizures occur when it spreads to the brain.

 

WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF HIV INFECTIONS

 

The symptoms of HIV and AIDS vary, depending on the phase of infection.

Primary infection (Acute HIV)

Some people infected by HIV develop a flu-like illness within 2 to 4 weeks

Most people experience a short flu-like illness 2 to 6 weeks after HIV infection after the virus enters the body which lasts for a week or 2.

After these symptoms disappear, HIV may not cause any symptoms for many years, although the virus continues to damage your immune system.

This means many people with HIV do not know they're infected as they're at particularly high risk. This illness, known as primary (acute) HIV infection, has Possible signs and symptoms include:

 

-Fever

-Headache

-Muscle aches and joint pain

-Rash

-Sore throat and painful mouth sores

-Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck

-Diarrhea

-Weight loss

-Cough

-Night sweats

- Persistent, unexplained fatigue

-Swollen lymph glands

-Oral yeast infection (thrush)

-Shingles (herpes zoster)

-Pneumonia

-Progression to AIDS

-Sweats

-Chills

-Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth

-Weakness

-Weight loss

 

These symptoms can be so mild that you might not even notice them. However, the amount of virus in your bloodstream is quite high at this time. As a result, the infection spreads more easily during primary infection than during the next stage.

Clinical latent infection (Chronic HIV)

In this stage of infection, HIV is still present in the body and in white blood cells. However, many people may not have any symptoms or infections during this time.

This stage can last for many years.

Some people develop more severe disease much sooner.

 

HOW IS LIFE LIVING WITH HIV

 

If you're living with HIV, taking effective HIV treatment and being undetectable significantly reduces your risk of passing HIV on to others.

You'll also be encouraged to:

 

-Take regular exercise

-Eat a healthy diet

-Stop smoking

-Stop having sex

 

There no remedy for HIV and AIDS because it an incurable disease, the immune system will become severely damaged, and life-threatening illnesses such as cancer and severe infections can occur.

 

WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF HIV INFECTIONS

 

HIV is caused by a virus.

To become infected with HIV, infected blood, semen or vaginal secretions must enter your body

This can happen in several way.

It can be transmitted by coming into direct contact with:

 

- By having sex

-Drug use

-The body fluids of an infected person

-This includes semen

- Vaginal and anal fluids

-The blood

-Transmission from mother to baby during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding

-Semen (cum) and pre-seminal fluid

-Kissing

-Touching

-Sharing anything with a HIV positive person

 

And will be dependent on many things, such as whether you receive or give oral sex and the oral of the person giving the oral sex.

And the most common way of getting HIV is through having anal or vaginal sex.

HIV can be transmitted through sweat, urine or saliva.

It's a fragile virus and does not survive outside the body for long.

The HIV in these fluids must get into the bloodstream of an HIV-negative person through a mucous membrane (found in the rectum, vagina, mouth, or tip of the penis); open cuts or mouth sores; or by direct injection.

The virus can also enter your body through small tears that sometimes develop in the rectum or vagina during sexual activity.

drug paraphernalia puts you at high risk of HIV and other infectious diseases, such as hepatitis.

Or from blood transfusions.

The risk is high in the upper-middle-income countries and low-income countries.

 

HOW CAN YOU PREVENT THE SPREADING OF THE HIV

 

There's no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for HIV/AIDS. But you can protect yourself and others from infection.

To help prevent the spread of HIV by:

 

-Stop having sex

-Not touching contaminated people

-Stop sharing everything with the HIV positive people

-Stop hugging

-Avoiding being in contact with those that has AIDS in any shape or form

-Staying far away from HIV contaminated people

-Not sharing the same food or drinks

 

Choose to Stop risky sexual behaviors.

By getting married to only 1 partner for life

Stop the number of sexual partners and only choose 1 person to married

The more partners you have, the more likely you will catch HIV (STD).

Having an STD can increase your risk of getting HIV or spreading it to others and for people who do

not have HIV but who are at risk of getting HIV.

To reduce the risk of getting HIV through sex or drug use.

And also, do not share your equipment with others